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Diplazium esculentum

(Retz.) Sw. (1803)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Pteridophyta Class/Clade: Polypodiopsida Order: Polypodiales Family: Athyriaceae Genus: Diplazium

edible fern, hō‘i‘o [hoio], paca, pohole, vegetable fern

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form:

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves:

Sori:

Gametophyte:

Ploidy:

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Synonyms (41)

Anisogonium esculentum (Retz.) C.Presl (1836)
Anisogonium serampurense C.Presl (1836)
Anisogonium serrulatum C.Presl (1836)
Asplenium ambiguum Sw. (1801)
Asplenium bipinnatum Roxb. (1844)
Asplenium esculentum (Retz.) C.Presl (1825)
Asplenium malabaricum (Spreng.) Mett. (1856)
Asplenium manilense Spreng. (1827)
Asplenium moritzii Mett. (1856)
Asplenium proliferum Wall. (1829)
Asplenium puberulum Wall. (1830)
Asplenium serrulatum C.Presl (1825)
Asplenium umbrosum Mett. (1856)
Asplenium vitiense Baker (1867)
Athyrium ambiguum (Sw.) Milde (1870)
Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel. (1908)
Athyrium serrulatum Milde (1870)
Callipteris ambigua (Sw.) T.Moore (1857)
Callipteris esculenta (Retz.) J.Sm. (1851)
Callipteris esculenta var. pubescens (Link) Ching (1984)
Callipteris malabarica (Spreng.) J.Sm. (1841)
Callipteris serampurensis Fée (1852)
Callipteris serrulata Fée (1852)
Callipteris wallichii J.Sm. (1841)
Digrammaria ambigua (Sw.) Hook. (1840)
Digrammaria esculenta (Retz.) Fée (1852)
Diplazium ambiguum (Sw.) Hook. (1857)
Diplazium esculentum var. pubescens (Link) Tardieu & C.Chr. (1940)
Diplazium malabaricum Spreng. (1827)
Diplazium manilense (Spr.) C.Chr. (1905)
Diplazium pubescens Link (1833)
Diplazium serampurense Spreng. (1821)
Diplazium umbrosum Moritz (1845)
Diplazium vitiense (Baker) Carruth. (1873)
Gymnogramma edulis Ces. (1876)
Hemionitis esculenta Retz. (1791)
Hemionitis incisa Blanco (1837)
Microstegia ambigua (Sw.) C.Presl (1851)
Microstegia esculenta (Retz.) C.Presl (1851)
Microstegia pubescens (Link) C.Presl (1851)
Microstegia serrulata C.Presl (1851)

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Water/Ocean
Wind

Vegetative Reproduction

Bibliography

Name Published In: J. Bot. (Schrader) 1801(2) 312 (1803)

Other References

Palmer 2003:125 (K, O, L, M, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:29 (DESCR); Oppenheimer 2007:21 (Mo)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Kahanu Gardens, 5 mi. W of Hana in shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa; large colony PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 55436 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
2 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. bishop museum courtyard PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wilson, k.a. staples iii, g.w. collector number: 1753 Oahu BISH 7/19/1989
3 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. e kahanu gardens, 5 mi w of hana shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa lava PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 55436 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
4 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. N slope of Kapoho Crater pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stemmermann, R.L. 6882 Hawaii BISH 2/4/1984
5 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Bishop Museum courtyard PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wilson, K.A. 1753 Oahu BISH 7/19/1989
6 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. no further locality PRESERVED_SPECIMEN aborn, r. s.n. CM 5/12/1962
7 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. kailua wet gully PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 409 Maui BISH 11/14/1978
8 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. kaala along road at summit in a gully Most plants growing in small gully on weedy roadside, but plants starting to spread into native forest. Naturalized, many size classes. Metrosideros polymorpha, Rubus argutus dominant. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN us army beachy, j.; welsh, k.; hawkins, j.; hardman, m. collector number: usarmy 218 Oahu BISH 8/17/2011
9 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Hamakua District, Waipio Valley, ca. 2 miles into the valley Common roadside fern in swampy habitats, along with Cyperus involucratus, Paspalum conjugatum, Alocasia cucullata. Incorrectly called hoio (a native relative of this fern). PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. Collector Number: 99-38 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999
10 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. waipio village guava thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. hatheway, w.h. collector number: 24013 Hawaii BISH 1/1/1950
11 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Waipio Village guava thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 24013 Hawaii BISH 1/1/1950
12 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. ranae ganske property, wailuku, maui, hawaii Growing at edge of road and auwai, where water spills over. Mixed in with Ipomoea alba, Hedychium coronarium, Syzygium cumini, Coix lachryma-jobi. Very wet. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN crago, l.m. imada, c. collector number: 2005-190 Maui BISH 8/11/2005
13 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. hilo public library cultivated PRESERVED_SPECIMEN aborn, r. s.n. CM 6/29/1962
14 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. puna; nanawale forest reserve road. cultivated in coastal forest (native to wet places in india and indonesia). associated with hala forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN brand brand 7 MO 3/11/1998
15 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. 13 miles, puna. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 35029 NY 5/7/1967
16 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. waipio valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 21793 NY 2/7/1952
17 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Wailau Valley. Along Kahawaiiiki Stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80503 Molokai PTBG 8/12/2005
18 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Kailua; Purchased in produce section of Holiday Mart store. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN George Staples 815 Oahu PTBG 4/1/1992
19 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Puhi Camp, west of Kauai Community College. From yard of abandoned home-site. Cultivated. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1656 Kauai PTBG 4/4/1986
20 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. E. Maui, Wailua. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H60117 Maui PTBG 6/11/2001
21 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. n slope of kapoho crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN stemmermann, r.l. collector number: 6882 Oahu BISH 2/4/1984
22 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. fern growing in wet gully, Kailua, Maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R. 409 Maui US 11/14/1979
23 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener & isa degener 35020 US 5/3/1969
24 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. hilo public library PRESERVED_SPECIMEN aborn, r. s.n. WIS 6/29/1962
25 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. UH Manoa Campus, Loi Kalo garden below Dole St PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Obata, J.K. s.n. Oahu BISH 8/11/1992
26 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Papaikou wet, open pasture by stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5152 Hawaii BISH 1/15/1975
27 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Kaala along road at summit in a gully Most plants growing in small gully on weedy roadside, but plants starting to spread into native forest. Naturalized, many size classes. Metrosideros polymorpha, Rubus argutus dominant. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Beachy, J. USARMY 218 Oahu BISH 8/17/2011
28 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. fern growing in wet gully, kailua, maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN r. hobdy 409 Maui US 11/14/1979
29 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Papaikou, in wet, open pasture by stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishikawa, S. 5152 Hawaii US 1/15/1975
30 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. papaikou, in wet, open pasture by stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishikawa 5152 Hawaii US 1/15/1975
31 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Kailua PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Staples, G.W. Collector Number: 815 Oahu BISH 4/1/1992
32 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. puhi camp, w of kauai community college yard of abandoned homesite PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. hume, l. collector number: 1656 Kauai BISH 4/4/1986
33 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Ranae Ganske Property, Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii Growing at edge of road and auwai, where water spills over. Mixed in with Ipomoea alba, Hedychium coronarium, Syzygium cumini, Coix lachryma-jobi. Very wet. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. 2005-190 Maui BISH 8/11/2005
34 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Puhi Camp, W of Kauai Community College yard of abandoned homesite PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 1656 Kauai BISH 4/4/1986
35 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Hilo, H.Kai's garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 28069 Hawaii BISH 5/16/1930
36 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. kailua Silty loam soil PRESERVED_SPECIMEN staples, g.w. collector number: 815 Oahu BISH 4/1/1992
37 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. waipio valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 21793 Hawaii BISH 2/7/1952
38 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Kailua PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Staples, G. 815 Oahu BISH 4/1/1992
39 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Wailau Valley, along Kahawaiiki Stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H80503 Molokai BISH 8/12/2005
40 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Kailua wet gully PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R.W. 409 Maui BISH 11/14/1978
41 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. waipio valley taro patch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 21793 Hawaii BISH 2/7/1952
42 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. honolulu, foster gardens PRESERVED_SPECIMEN potter, c. neal, m.c. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 6/8/1960
43 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. e kahanu gardens, 5 mi w of hana shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa lava PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 55437 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
44 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Puna, 13 Miles. Abandoned garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 35029 Hawaii BISH 5/1/1967
45 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. uh manoa campus, loi kalo garden below dole st PRESERVED_SPECIMEN obata, j.k. Oahu BISH 8/11/1992
46 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Morgan Toledo Taro Farm, Waipio Valley, Big Island, Hawaii Growing at back of property along road, and in wet depression. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. 2005-097 Hawaii BISH 3/19/2005
47 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. ranae ganske property, wailuku, maui, hawaii PRESERVED_SPECIMEN crago, l.m. imada, c. collector number: 2005-190 Kauai BISH 8/11/2005
48 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. morgan toledo taro farm, waipio valley, big island, hawaii Growing at back of property along road, and in wet depression. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN crago, l.m. imada, c.; erickson, t.; puttock, c. collector number: 2005-097 Hawaii BISH 3/19/2005
49 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Waipio Valley taro patch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 21793 Hawaii BISH 2/7/1952
50 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Wailau Valley, along Kahawaiiki Stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H80503 Molokai BISH 8/12/2005
51 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Ranae Ganske Property, Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii Growing at edge of road and auwai, where water spills over. Mixed in with Ipomoea alba, Hedychium coronarium, Syzygium cumini, Coix lachryma-jobi. Very wet. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. Imada, C. Collector Number: 2005-190 Maui BISH 8/11/2005
52 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. wailau valley, along kahawaiiki stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h80503 Molokai BISH 8/12/2005
53 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. wailau valley, along kahawaiiki stream Occasional in pasture; dry place. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h80503 Hawaii BISH 8/12/2005
54 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Morgan Toledo Taro Farm, Waipio Valley, Big Island, Hawaii Growing at back of property along road, and in wet depression. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. Imada, C.; Erickson, T.; Puttock, C. Collector Number: 2005-097 Hawaii BISH 3/19/2005
55 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. puna, 13 miles. Abandoned garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. degener, i. collector number: 35029 Hawaii BISH 5/1/1967
56 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Puna pasture near house PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 28070 Hawaii BISH 5/2/1930
57 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. E Kahanu Gardens, 5 mi W of Hana shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa lava PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 55436 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
58 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. puna PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 28070 Kauai BISH 5/2/1930
59 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. hilo, h.kai's garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 28069 Hawaii BISH 5/16/1930
60 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. n slope of kapoho crater pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN stemmermann, r.l. collector number: 6882 Hawaii BISH 2/4/1984
61 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. E Kahanu Gardens, 5 mi W of Hana shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa lava PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 55437 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
62 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. hamakua district, waipio valley, ca. 2 miles into the valley Common roadside fern in swampy habitats, along with Cyperus involucratus, Paspalum conjugatum, Alocasia cucullata. Incorrectly called hoio (a native relative of this fern). PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. collector number: 99-38 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999
63 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. papaikou PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5152 Oahu BISH 1/15/1975
64 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Hamakua District, Waipio Valley, ca. 2 miles into the valley Common roadside fern in swampy habitats, along with Cyperus involucratus, Paspalum conjugatum, Alocasia cucullata. Incorrectly called hoio (a native relative of this fern). PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 99-38 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999
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